Flow through a 3D hourglass/silo

Problem description

A 3D hour glass/silo is simulated, i.e. a cylindrical domain with a neck in the middle (see snapshot on the right). Particles are inserted into the upper half of the domain and flow into the lower half due to gravity.

Here a short ParaView animation of the code's output.

This code illustrates the effect of friction in DPM simulations. If the friction is high enough, arching is observed at the neck, where particles interlock to obstruct the flow. It also illustrates how to use AxisymmetricIntersectionOfWalls to set up axisymmetrical shapes, i.e. the outer cylinder and the neck.

Defining an axisymmetric wall

The outer wall is defined by an AxisymmetricIntersectionOfWalls object:

        AxisymmetricIntersectionOfWalls w1;
        w1.setSpecies(speciesHandler.getObject(0));
        w1.setPosition(Vec3D(mid.X, mid.Y, 0));
        w1.setAxis(Vec3D(0, 0, 1));
        w1.addObject(Vec3D(1, 0, 0), Vec3D((getXMax() - getXMin()) / 2.0, 0, 0));
        // Display the cylinder only, when not coinciding with the neck
        std::vector<Mdouble> displayedSegmentsCylinder = {-constants::inf, mid.Z - contractionHeight, mid.Z + contractionHeight, constants::inf};
        w1.setDisplayedSegments(displayedSegmentsCylinder);
        wallHandler.copyAndAddObject(w1);

The neck is also defined by an AxisymmetricIntersectionOfWalls object:

        AxisymmetricIntersectionOfWalls w2;
        w2.setSpecies(speciesHandler.getObject(0));
        w2.setPosition(Vec3D(mid.X, mid.Y, 0));
        w2.setAxis(Vec3D(0, 0, 1));
        std::vector<Vec3D> points(3);
        //define the neck as a prism through corners of your prismatic wall in clockwise direction
        points[0] = Vec3D(halfWidth, 0.0, mid.Z + contractionHeight);
        points[1] = Vec3D(halfWidth - contractionWidth, 0.0, mid.Z);
        points[2] = Vec3D(halfWidth, 0.0, mid.Z - contractionHeight);
        // Display the neck only until reaching the cylinder
        std::vector<Mdouble> displayedSegmentsPrism = {mid.Z - contractionHeight, mid.Z + contractionHeight};
        w2.setDisplayedSegments(displayedSegmentsPrism);
        w2.createOpenPrism(points);
        wallHandler.copyAndAddObject(w2);

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