Defines the liquid bridge Bagheri interaction between two particles or walls. More...

#include <LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction.h>

Inheritance diagram for LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction:

Public Types
typedef LiquidBridgeBagheriSpecies	SpeciesType
	An alias name for LiquidBridgeBagheriSpecies data type. More...

Public Member Functions
	LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction (BaseInteractable P, BaseInteractable I, unsigned timeStamp)
	Constructor. More...

	LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction ()

	LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction (const LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction &p)
	Copy constructor. More...

	~LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction () override
	Destructor. More...

void	computeAdhesionForce ()
	Computes the adhesive forces for liquid bridge Bagheri type of interaction. More...

void	read (std::istream &is) override
	Interaction read function, which accepts an std::istream as input. More...

void	write (std::ostream &os) const override
	Interaction print function, which accepts an std::ostream as input. More...

Mdouble	getElasticEnergy () const override
	Returns the amount of Elastic energy involved in an interaction. Basically used in case you want to write the elastic energy into an output file. More...

const LiquidBridgeBagheriSpecies *	getSpecies () const
	Returns a pointer to the adhesive force species LiquidBridgeBagheriSpecies. More...

std::string	getBaseName () const
	Returns the name of the interaction, see Interaction.h. More...

bool	getWasInContact () const

void	setWasInContact (bool wasInContact)

Public Member Functions inherited from BaseInteraction
	BaseInteraction (BaseInteractable P, BaseInteractable I, unsigned timeStamp)
	A constructor takes the BaseInteractable objects which are interacting (come into contact) and time the interaction starts. More...

	BaseInteraction ()

	BaseInteraction (const BaseInteraction &p)
	Copy constructor. More...

	~BaseInteraction () override
	The destructor. It removes this interactions from the objects that were interacting, and writes the time to a file when needed. More...

virtual void	actionsOnErase ()
	If an interaction needs to do something before it gets erased, add it here. E.g. Liquid bridges rupture at the end of their lifetime, and the liquid bridge volume has to be redistributed. The reason this action is not done in the destructor is that this action should not be taken when erasing ghost interactions. More...

virtual void	computeForce ()
	Virtual function that contains the force law between the two objects interacting. More...

void	read (std::istream &is) override
	Interaction read function, which accepts an std::istream as input. More...

void	write (std::ostream &os) const override
	Interaction print function, which accepts an std::ostream as input. More...

void	writeToFStat (std::ostream &os, Mdouble time) const
	Writes forces data to the FStat file. More...

std::string	getName () const override
	Virtual function which allows interactions to be named. More...

void	setDistance (Mdouble distance)
	Sets the interaction distance between the two interacting objects. More...

void	setNormal (Vec3D normal)
	Sets the normal vector between the two interacting objects. More...

void	setOverlap (Mdouble overlap)
	Set the overlap between the two interacting object. More...

void	setContactPoint (Vec3D contactPoint)
	Set the location of the contact point between the two interacting objects. More...

void	setTimeStamp (unsigned timeStamp)
	Updates the time step of the interacting. Note, time steps used to find completed interactions. More...

void	setSpecies (const BaseSpecies *species)
	Set the Species of the interaction; note this can either be a Species or MixedSpecies. More...

void	setP (BaseInteractable *P)
	Sets the first object involved in the interaction (normally a particle). More...

void	setI (BaseInteractable *I)
	Sets the second object involved in the interaction (often particle or wall). More...

void	importP (BaseInteractable *P)
	Sets the first object involved in the interaction (normally a particle). More...

void	importI (BaseInteractable *I)
	Sets the second object involved in the interaction (often particle or wall). More...

Vec3D	getIP () const

Vec3D	getIC () const

Vec3D	getCP () const

void	setLagrangeMultiplier (Mdouble multiplier)

Mdouble	getLagrangeMultiplier ()

void	setHandler (InteractionHandler *handler)
	Sets the pointer to the interaction hander which is storing this interaction. More...

InteractionHandler *	getHandler () const
	Gets a point to the interaction handlers to which this interaction belongs. More...

const Vec3D &	getForce () const
	Gets the current force (vector) between the two interacting objects. More...

const Vec3D &	getTorque () const
	Gets the current torque (vector) between the two interacting objects. More...

const Vec3D &	getNormal () const
	Gets the normal vector between the two interacting objects. More...

const Vec3D &	getContactPoint () const
	Gets constant reference to contact point (vector). More...

Mdouble	getOverlap () const
	Returns a Mdouble with the current overlap between the two interacting objects. More...

Mdouble	getOverlapVolume () const
	Returns the overlap volume between two interacting objects. More...

Mdouble	getContactRadius () const
	Returns a Mdouble with the current contact between the two interacting objects. More...

void	removeFromHandler ()
	Removes this interaction from its interaction hander. More...

void	copySwitchPointer (const BaseInteractable original, BaseInteractable ghost) const
	This copies the interactions of the original particle and replaces the original with the ghost copy. More...

void	gatherContactStatistics ()

BaseInteractable *	getP ()
	Returns a pointer to first object involved in the interaction (normally a particle). More...

BaseInteractable *	getI ()
	Returns a pointer to the second object involved in the interaction (often a wall or a particle). More...

const BaseInteractable *	getP () const
	Returns a constant pointer to the first object involved in the interaction. More...

const BaseInteractable *	getI () const
	Returns a constant pointer to the second object involved in the interaction. More...

Mdouble	getTimeStamp () const
	Returns an Mdouble which is the time stamp of the interaction. More...

virtual void	integrate (Mdouble timeStep)
	integrates variables of the interaction which need to be integrate e.g. the tangential overlap. More...

virtual Mdouble	getTangentialOverlap () const
	get the length of the current tangential overlap More...

Mdouble	getDistance () const
	Returns an Mdouble which is the norm (length) of distance vector. More...

const Vec3D &	getRelativeVelocity () const
	Returns a constant reference to a vector of relative velocity. More...

Mdouble	getNormalRelativeVelocity () const
	Returns a double which is the norm (length) of the relative velocity vector. More...

Mdouble	getAbsoluteNormalForce () const
	Returns the absolute value of the norm (length) of the Normal force vector. More...

virtual BaseInteraction *	copy () const =0
	Makes a copy of the interaction and returns a pointer to the copy. More...

void	setFStatData (std::fstream &fstat, BaseParticle P, BaseWall I)

void	setFStatData (std::fstream &fstat, BaseParticle P, BaseParticle I)

unsigned int	getMultiContactIdentifier () const

void	setMultiContactIdentifier (unsigned int multiContactIdentifier_)

virtual void	rotateHistory (Matrix3D &rotationMatrix)
	When periodic particles are used, some interactions need certain history properties rotated (e.g. tangential springs). This is the function for that. More...

virtual void	actionsAfterTimeStep ()

virtual unsigned	getNumberOfFieldsVTK () const

virtual std::string	getTypeVTK (unsigned i) const

virtual std::string	getNameVTK (unsigned i) const

virtual std::vector< Mdouble >	getFieldVTK (unsigned i) const

void	addForce (Vec3D force)
	add an force increment to the total force. More...

void	addTorque (Vec3D torque)
	add a torque increment to the total torque. More...

void	setForce (Vec3D force)
	set total force (this is used by the normal force, tangential forces are added use addForce) More...

void	setTorque (Vec3D torque)
	set the total force (this is used by the normal force, tangential torques are added use addTorque) More...

const BaseSpecies *	getBaseSpecies () const
	Return a constant point to BaseSpecies of the interaction. More...

virtual void	createMPIType ()

virtual void *	createMPIInteractionDataArray (unsigned int numberOfInteractions) const

virtual void	deleteMPIInteractionDataArray (void *dataArray)

virtual void	getMPIInteraction (void *historyDataArray, unsigned int index) const
	copies the history interactions into the data array More...

virtual void	getInteractionDetails (void *interactionDataArray, unsigned int index, unsigned int &identificationP, unsigned int &identificationI, bool &isWallInteraction, unsigned &timeStamp)

virtual void	setMPIInteraction (void *interactionDataArray, unsigned int index, bool resetPointers)

void	setBasicMPIInteractionValues (int P, int I, unsigned timeStamp, Vec3D force, Vec3D torque, bool isWallInteraction, bool resetPointers)

void	setIdentificationP (unsigned int identification)

void	setIdentificationI (int identification)

void	setWallInteraction (bool flag)

unsigned int	getIdentificationP ()

int	getIdentificationI ()

bool	isWallInteraction ()

virtual bool	isBonded () const

Public Member Functions inherited from BaseObject
	BaseObject ()=default
	Default constructor. More...

	BaseObject (const BaseObject &p)=default
	Copy constructor, copies all the objects BaseObject contains. More...

virtual	~BaseObject ()=default
	virtual destructor More...

virtual void	moveInHandler (unsigned int index)
	Except that it is virtual, it does the same thing as setIndex() does. More...

void	setIndex (unsigned int index)
	Allows one to assign an index to an object in the handler/container. More...

void	setId (unsigned long id)
	Assigns a unique identifier to each object in the handler (container) which remains constant even after the object is deleted from the container/handler. More...

unsigned int	getIndex () const
	Returns the index of the object in the handler. More...

unsigned int	getId () const
	Returns the unique identifier of any particular object. More...

void	setGroupId (unsigned groupId)

unsigned	getGroupId () const

Private Attributes
bool	wasInContact_
	A history parameter to store if the particles were in contact or not. Useful to compute adhesive forces. More...

Additional Inherited Members
Protected Member Functions inherited from BaseInteraction
virtual const Vec3D	getTangentialForce () const

Mdouble	getEffectiveRadius () const
	Returns a Mdouble to the effective radius of the interaction. (Not corrected for the overlap) More...

Mdouble	getEffectiveMass () const
	Returns a Mdouble to the effective radius of the interaction. (Not corrected for the overlap) More...

void	setRelativeVelocity (Vec3D relativeVelocity)
	set the relative velocity of the current of the interactions. More...

void	setNormalRelativeVelocity (Mdouble normalRelativeVelocit)
	set the normal component of the relative velocity. More...

void	setAbsoluteNormalForce (Mdouble absoluteNormalForce)
	the absolute values of the norm (length) of the normal force More...

virtual Mdouble	getElasticEnergyAtEquilibrium (Mdouble adhesiveForce) const

virtual void	reverseHistory ()
	When periodic particles some interaction need certain history properties reversing. This is the function for that. More...

void	writeInteraction (std::ostream &os, bool created) const
	Writes information about a interaction to the interaction file. More...

Detailed Description

Defines the liquid bridge Bagheri interaction between two particles or walls.

Member Typedef Documentation

◆ SpeciesType

typedef LiquidBridgeBagheriSpecies LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction::SpeciesType

An alias name for LiquidBridgeBagheriSpecies data type.

Constructor & Destructor Documentation

◆ LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction() [1/3]

LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction::LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction	(	BaseInteractable *	P,
		BaseInteractable *	I,
		unsigned	timeStamp
	)

Constructor.

Parameters

[in]	P
[in]	I
[in]	timeStamp

         : BaseInteraction(P, I, timeStamp)
 {
     wasInContact_ = false;
 #ifdef DEBUG_CONSTRUCTOR
     std::cout<<"LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction::LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction() finished"<<std::endl;
 #endif
 }

References wasInContact_.

◆ LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction() [2/3]

LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction::LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction ( )

         : BaseInteraction()
 {
     wasInContact_ = false;
 #ifdef DEBUG_CONSTRUCTOR
     std::cout<<"LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction::LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction() finished"<<std::endl;
 #endif
 }

References wasInContact_.

◆ LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction() [3/3]

LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction::LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction ( const LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction & p )

Copy constructor.

Parameters

[in] p

         : BaseInteraction(p)
 {
     wasInContact_ = p.wasInContact_;
 #ifdef DEBUG_CONSTRUCTOR
     std::cout<<"LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction::LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction(const LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction &p finished"<<std::endl;
 #endif
 }

References p, and wasInContact_.

◆ ~LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction()

LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction::~LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction ( )

override

Destructor.

 {
 #ifdef DEBUG_DESTRUCTOR
     std::cout<<"LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction::~LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction() finished"<<std::endl;
 #endif
 }

Member Function Documentation

◆ computeAdhesionForce()

void LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction::computeAdhesionForce ( )

Computes the adhesive forces for liquid bridge Bagheri type of interaction.

 {
     const LiquidBridgeBagheriSpecies* species = getSpecies();
  
     // if the liquid bridge volume is zero, there is no liquid bridge and no force
     if (species->getLiquidBridgeVolume() == 0)
     {
         return;
     }
  
     if (getOverlap() >= 0)
     {
         wasInContact_ = true;
  
         // The effective radius is calculated as twice the effective radius of the particles, because the harmonic mean is needed. For same size spheres, this should be the radius of the spheres.
         Mdouble effectiveRadius = 2 * getEffectiveRadius();
         Mdouble V = species->getLiquidBridgeVolume()/std::pow(effectiveRadius,3);
  
         // Only allow volumes which are valid according to https://doi.org/10.1007/s40571-024-00772-5
         logger.assert_debug(V >= 1e-6 && V <= 1e-1, "Liquid bridge volume is out of range for the Bagheri model. V/R^3 = % (It should be in the range [1e-6, 1e-1]).", V);
         
         // full model according to Eq. 24-26 from Bagheri et al. 2024, CPM
         Mdouble f0 = 2*constants::pi*(1 - 0.3823*std::pow(V,0.2586));
         // std::cout << species->getMeanRadius() << std::endl;
         Mdouble a = 0.4158*std::pow(V,0.2835)+0.6474;
         Mdouble b = -0.2087*std::pow(V,0.3113)+2.267;
         Mdouble ft = (1 - a*std::pow(std::sin(species->getContactAngle()),b))*f0;
  
         Mdouble force_full_fit = ft;
         Mdouble fdotn = -force_full_fit * effectiveRadius * species->getSurfaceTension();
         
         addForce(getNormal() * fdotn);
     }
     else if (wasInContact_)
     {
         Mdouble effectiveRadius = 2 * getEffectiveRadius();
         Mdouble V = species->getLiquidBridgeVolume()/std::pow(effectiveRadius,3);
  
         // Only allow volumes which are valid according to https://doi.org/10.1007/s40571-024-00772-5
         logger.assert_debug(V >= 1e-6 && V <= 1e-1, "Liquid bridge volume is out of range for the Bagheri model. V/R^3 = % (It should be in the range [1e-6, 1e-1]).", V);
  
         Mdouble S_rupture = (1.0 + species->getContactAngle()*0.5)*(std::pow(V,1.0/3.0)+0.1*std::pow(V,2.0/3.0));        
         Mdouble S = -getOverlap()/(effectiveRadius*S_rupture);
  
         // if the overlap is too large, the liquid bridge is ruptured and no force is applied
         if (S > 1.0)
         {
             wasInContact_ = false;
             return;
         }
  
         Mdouble log_V = std::log(V);
  
         // full model according to Eq. 27-30 from Bagheri et al. 2024, CPM
         Mdouble f0 = 2*constants::pi*(1 - 0.3823*std::pow(V,0.2586));
  
         Mdouble a = 0.4158*std::pow(V,0.2835)+0.6474;
         Mdouble b = -0.2087*std::pow(V,0.3113)+2.267;
         Mdouble ft = (1 - a*std::pow(std::sin(species->getContactAngle()),b))*f0;
         
         Mdouble a_s = -0.3319*std::pow(V,0.4974) + 0.6717*std::pow(V,0.1995);
         Mdouble b_s = 13.84*std::pow(V,-0.3909) - 12.11*std::pow(V,-0.3945);
  
         Mdouble a_t_a = -0.007815*std::pow(log_V,2)-0.2105 *log_V -1.426;
         Mdouble b_t_a = -1.78*std::pow(V,0.8351) + 0.6669*std::pow(V,-0.01391);
         Mdouble a_t = a_t_a*std::pow(species->getContactAngle(),3)+b_t_a*species->getContactAngle()+1.0;
  
         Mdouble force_full_fit = ft*(1+a_s*S)/(1+a_t*b_s*a_s*S+a_t*b_s*std::pow(S,2));
  
         Mdouble fdotn = -force_full_fit * effectiveRadius * species->getSurfaceTension();
  
         addForce(getNormal() * fdotn);
     }
 }

References a, BaseInteraction::addForce(), b, e(), LiquidBridgeBagheriSpecies::getContactAngle(), BaseInteraction::getEffectiveRadius(), LiquidBridgeBagheriSpecies::getLiquidBridgeVolume(), BaseInteraction::getNormal(), BaseInteraction::getOverlap(), getSpecies(), LiquidBridgeBagheriSpecies::getSurfaceTension(), Eigen::bfloat16_impl::log(), logger, constants::pi, Eigen::bfloat16_impl::pow(), oomph::QuadTreeNames::S, sin(), V, and wasInContact_.

◆ getBaseName()

std::string LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction::getBaseName ( ) const

Returns the name of the interaction, see Interaction.h.

Returns: std::string

 {
     return "LiquidBridgeBagheri";
 }

◆ getElasticEnergy()

Mdouble LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction::getElasticEnergy ( ) const

overridevirtual

Returns the amount of Elastic energy involved in an interaction. Basically used in case you want to write the elastic energy into an output file.

Returns: Mdouble

Todo:: TW

Reimplemented from BaseInteraction.

 {
     return 0.0;
 }

◆ getSpecies()

const LiquidBridgeBagheriSpecies * LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction::getSpecies ( ) const

Returns a pointer to the adhesive force species LiquidBridgeBagheriSpecies.

Returns: const LiquidBridgeBagheriSpecies*

 {
     return static_cast<const LiquidBridgeBagheriSpecies*>(getBaseSpecies()->getAdhesiveForce());
 }

References BaseSpecies::getAdhesiveForce(), and BaseInteraction::getBaseSpecies().

Referenced by computeAdhesionForce().

◆ getWasInContact()

bool LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction::getWasInContact ( ) const

 {
     return wasInContact_;
 }

References wasInContact_.

◆ read()

void LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction::read ( std::istream & is )

overridevirtual

Interaction read function, which accepts an std::istream as input.

Parameters

[in,out] is

Implements BaseObject.

 {
     // we read in wasInContact_ like this because an early version did not initialize it.
     std::string dummy;
     is >> dummy >> wasInContact_;
 }

References oomph::Global_string_for_annotation::string(), and wasInContact_.

◆ setWasInContact()

void LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction::setWasInContact ( bool wasInContact )

 {
     wasInContact_ = wasInContact;
 }

References wasInContact_.

◆ write()

void LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction::write ( std::ostream & os ) const

overridevirtual

Interaction print function, which accepts an std::ostream as input.

Parameters

[in,out] os

Implements BaseObject.

 {
     os << " wasInContact " << wasInContact_;
 }

References wasInContact_.

Member Data Documentation

◆ wasInContact_

bool LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction::wasInContact_

private

A history parameter to store if the particles were in contact or not. Useful to compute adhesive forces.

Referenced by computeAdhesionForce(), getWasInContact(), LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction(), read(), setWasInContact(), and write().

The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:

Public Types

Public Member Functions

Private Attributes

Additional Inherited Members

Detailed Description

Member Typedef Documentation

◆ SpeciesType

Constructor & Destructor Documentation

◆ LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction() [1/3]

◆ LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction() [2/3]

◆ LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction() [3/3]

◆ ~LiquidBridgeBagheriInteraction()

Member Function Documentation

◆ computeAdhesionForce()

◆ getBaseName()

◆ getElasticEnergy()

◆ getSpecies()

◆ getWasInContact()

◆ read()

◆ setWasInContact()

◆ write()

Member Data Documentation

◆ wasInContact_